Academy Fundamental Analysis Financial RatiosP/E Ratio

Lesson 1 of 4

P/E Ratio — Is the Stock Cheap or Expensive?

Written byFinzony Editorial Team

Reviewed byFinzony Finance Team

UpdatedJune 2025

The most widely used valuation metric in investing — and the most misunderstood.

What is the P/E Ratio?

Imagine two tea stalls side by side. Both earn ₹1 lakh profit per year. One is selling for ₹10 lakh, the other for ₹30 lakh. Which one are you getting a better deal on? Obviously the first one — you're paying 10x earnings vs 30x earnings.

The Price-to-Earnings (P/E) ratio does exactly this comparison for stocks. It tells you how many rupees you're paying for every ₹1 of profit the company earns.

Formula

P/E Ratio = Market Price per Share ÷ EPS

EPS = Earnings Per Share = PAT ÷ Total Shares Outstanding

Example: If Infosys trades at ₹1,800 per share and its EPS is ₹60, then P/E = 1800 ÷ 60 = 30x. You're paying ₹30 for every ₹1 of annual profit.

What the Number Actually Means

P/E of 10x

You recover your investment in ~10 years from earnings alone (if profit stays flat). Generally considered cheap — but check why it's low.

Potentially undervalued

P/E of 25x

Market is paying a premium — likely because investors expect strong future growth. Reasonable for quality businesses with 15%+ growth.

Fair value territory

P/E of 60x+

Market expects explosive growth. Can be justified for high-growth companies, but leaves zero room for disappointment. Any earnings miss = sharp fall.

Priced for perfection

Negative P/E

Company is making a loss — EPS is negative so P/E is meaningless. Never compare a loss-making company using P/E.

Not applicable

Trailing P/E vs Forward P/E

Trailing P/E (TTM)

Based on actual earnings of the last 12 months (Trailing Twelve Months). This is real, reported data — no guesswork. Most reliable for stable businesses. Available directly on Screener.in and Tickertape.

Use this for most analysis

Forward P/E

Based on analyst estimates of future earnings. If a company is expected to grow profits sharply, forward P/E will be lower than trailing — making the stock look "cheaper." Useful for growth stocks but based on projections that may not materialise.

Use with caution

Real Example — Indian IT Sector Comparison

P/E is most powerful when comparing companies in the same sector (illustrative figures):

Company	Price (₹)	EPS (₹)	P/E	Reading
TCS	3,800	120	31.7x	Premium — market leader, deserves premium
Infosys	1,800	60	30.0x	Similar quality, similar price — fair
Wipro	480	22	21.8x	Discount to peers — slower growth reflects it
HCL Tech	1,600	70	22.9x	Cheaper than TCS/Infy for similar size

* Illustrative figures. Check Screener.in for live data.

When P/E Misleads You — Important Limitations

Never compare P/E across sectors

FMCG companies (Nestle: 70x P/E) always trade at premiums vs commodity businesses (Tata Steel: 8x P/E). Comparing them is meaningless — each sector has its own "normal" P/E band. Always compare within the same industry.

Low P/E doesn't always mean cheap

A stock with P/E of 5x might be cheap — or it could be a value trap. If the business is declining, earnings will fall further, making the stock even more expensive in the future. Always check the earnings trend before calling something "cheap."

P/E is useless for cyclical companies

Steel, cement, and commodity companies have boom-bust earnings cycles. At the peak of a cycle, earnings are high so P/E looks low — and that's actually when you should SELL, not buy. For cyclical stocks, use P/B (Price-to-Book) instead.

One-time gains can distort EPS

If a company sold a factory and booked ₹500 Cr gain, the PAT shoots up and P/E looks artificially low. Always check if profits include exceptional items — and strip them out for a clean picture. Screener.in shows this clearly.

Bonus: The PEG Ratio — P/E with Growth Context

The PEG ratio solves P/E's biggest flaw — it doesn't account for growth. A high-growth company deserves a higher P/E than a slow-growth one.

PEG = P/E Ratio ÷ Earnings Growth Rate (%)

PEG < 1

Potentially undervalued relative to growth

PEG = 1

Fairly priced for its growth rate

PEG > 2

Likely overvalued — growth already priced in

Example: A stock with P/E 40x but earnings growing at 40% has PEG = 1 — fairly priced. A stock with P/E 40x but growing at only 10% has PEG = 4 — dangerously expensive.

Never use P/E alone

P/E is a starting point, not a conclusion. Always combine it with earnings growth rate (PEG), return on equity (ROE), and the balance sheet health (D/E). A stock with low P/E, high growth, strong ROE, and low debt is a very compelling opportunity.

Key Takeaway

P/E ratio tells you what the market is paying for each rupee of profit. Low P/E can mean undervalued or in trouble — context matters. Always compare within the same sector, check earnings quality, and use PEG to factor in growth. P/E is your first filter, never your last.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a "good" P/E ratio for Indian stocks?

There is no universal good P/E — it depends entirely on the sector. FMCG (Nestle, HUL): 50-80x is normal. IT (TCS, Infosys): 25-35x. Banks (HDFC, Kotak): 15-25x. PSU banks: 5-12x. Auto: 15-25x. Commodity/steel: 5-15x. Always compare a stock's P/E to its own 5-year average and to sector peers — not to some arbitrary number.

Where can I find P/E ratio for Indian stocks?

Screener.in shows trailing P/E right on the company summary page. Tickertape also shows it with peer comparisons. NSE and BSE websites show it too. For sector-wise P/E comparison, Screener.in's industry comparison feature is excellent — it lets you see all companies in a sector ranked by P/E in seconds.

What is the Nifty 50 P/E and why does it matter?

The Nifty 50 P/E is the aggregate P/E of India's 50 largest companies. Historically, the Nifty trades between 15x (very cheap, near bottoms like March 2020) and 35x (expensive, near tops). When Nifty P/E is below 20x, broad markets are cheap. Above 28-30x, overall markets are expensive and individual stock selection becomes even more critical.

Can a company with no profit have a P/E?

No — P/E requires positive earnings. If EPS is negative (company is loss-making), the P/E ratio is undefined or shown as N/A. For early-stage companies or startups (like Zomato in its early listed years), investors use alternative metrics like Price-to-Sales (P/S) or EV/EBITDA instead.

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